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bobchennan 2009-01-20 06:02:00
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1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 10, 12, 4, 8, 18, 6, 11, 20, 18, 28, 5, 10, 12, 36, 12, 20, 14, 12, 23, 21, 8, 52, 20, 18, 58, 60, 6, 12, 66, 22, 35, 9, 20, 30, 39, 54, 82, 8, 28, 11, 12, 10, 36, 48, 30, 100, 51, 12, 106, 36, 36, 28, 44, 12, 24, 110, 20, 100, 7, 14, 130, 18, 36, 68, 138, 46, 60, 28 (list; graph; listen)

OFFSET 0,2

COMMENT In other words, least m such that 2n+1 divides 2^m-1.

Number of riffle shuffles of 2n+2 cards required to return a deck to initial state. A riffle shuffle replaces a list s(1), s(2), ..., s(m) by s(1), s((i/2)+1), s(2), s((i/2)+2), ... a(1) = 2 because a riffle shuffle of [1, 2, 3, 4] requires 2 iterations [1, 2, 3, 4] -> [1, 3, 2, 4] -> [1, 2, 3, 4] to restore the original order.

Concerning the complexity of computing this sequence, see for example Bach And Shallit, p. 115, exercise 8.

It is not difficult to prove that if 2n+1 is a prime then 2n is divisible by a(n). We conjecture that, conversely, if 2n is divisible by a(n) then 2n+1 is 1 or a prime. - Vladimir Shevelev (shevelev(AT)bgu.ac.il), Apr 29 2008

REFERENCES E. Bach and J. O. Shallit, Algorithmic Number Theory, I.

A. J. C. Cunningham, On Binal Fractions, Math. Gaz., 4 (1908), circa p. 266.

T. Folger, "Shuffling Into Hyperspace," Discover, 1991 (vol 12, no 1), pages 66-67.

M. Gardner, "Card Shuffles," Mathematical Carnival chapter 10, pages 123-138. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.

S. W. Golomb, Permutations by cutting and shuffling, SIAM Rev., 3 (1961), 293-297.

V. I. Levenshtein, Conflict-avoiding codes and cyclic triple systems [in Russian], Problemy Peredachi Informatsii, 43 (No. 3, 2007), 39-53.

L. Lunelli and M. Lunelli, Tavola di congruenza a^n == 1 mod K per a=2,5,10, Atti Sem. Mat. Fis. Univ. Modena 10 (1960/61), 219-236 (1961).

J. H. Silverman, A Friendly Introduction to Number Theory, 3rd ed., Pearson Education, Inc, 2006, p. 146, Exer. 21.3

M. J. Gardner and C. A. McMahan, Riffling casino checks, Math. Mag., 50 (1977), 38-41.

LINKS T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000

Eric Weissteins World of Mathematics, Link to a section of The World of Mathematics.

Eric Weissteins World of Mathematics, Riffle Shuffle

Eric Weissteins World of Mathematics, In-Shuffle

Eric Weissteins World of Mathematics, Out-Shuffle

Eric Weissteins World of Mathematics, Multiplicative Order

MAPLE with(numtheory): f := n->order(2, 2*n+1);

PROGRAM (PARI) a(n)=if(n<0, 0, znorder(Mod(2, 2*n+1))) /* Michael Somos Mar 31 2005 */

CROSSREFS Cf. A070667-A070675, A070676, A053447, A070677, A070681, A070678, A053451, A070679, A070682, A070680, A070683.

Cf. A024222, A006694 (number of cyclotomic cosets), A014664 (order of 2 mod n-th prime).

Adjacent sequences: A002323 A002324 A002325 this_sequence A002327 A002328 A002329

Sequence in context: A083673 A131388 A131393 this_sequence A064273 A134561 A120947

KEYWORD nonn,easy,nice

AUTHOR njas

EXTENSIONS More terms from David W. Wilson (davidwwilson(AT)comcast.net), Jan 13, 2000.

More terms from Benoit Cloitre (benoit7848c(AT)orange.fr), Apr 11 2003

#1 阿修罗@2008-06-03 03:54:00
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有中文的不?........-_-
#2 xiaokeke@2008-07-04 21:13:00
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同意 要求中文!
#3 Jollwish@2009-01-20 06:02:00
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word自动翻译:

1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 10, 12, 4, 8, 18, 6, 11, 20, 18, 28, 5, 10, 12, 36, 12, 20, 14, 12, 23, 21, 8, 52, 20, 18, 58, 60, 6, 12, 66, 22, 35, 9, 20, 30, 39, 54, 82, 8, 28, 11, 12, 10, 36, 48, 30, 100, 51, 12, 106, 36, 36, 28, 44, 12, 24, 110, 20, 100, 7, 14, 130, 18, 36, 68, 138, 46, 60, 28 (名单; 图表; 听) 换句话说,垂距0,2评论最少m这样2n+1划分2^m-1。 2n+2卡片riffle拖曳的数字要求的退回甲板到初始状态。 riffle拖曳被s (1), s ((i/2) +1), s (2), s替换一张名单s (1), s (2),…, s (m) ((i/2) +2),… a (1) = 2,因为riffle拖曳[1, 2, 3, 4]要求2叠代[1, 2, 3, 4] -> [1, 3, 2, 4] -> [1, 2, 3, 4]恢复原始的秩序。 关于计算这个序列的复杂,看见例如Bach和Shallit, p。 115,锻炼8。 证明是不难的,如果2n+1是最初然后2n由a (n)是可分的。 我们臆想那,相反地,如果2n由a (n)然后2n+1是可分的是1或最初。 - Vladimir Shevelev (shevelev (在) bgu.ac.il), 2008年4月29日 参考E。 Bach和J。 O. Shallit,算法数论, I。 A. J. C. Cunningham,在Binal分数,算术。 Gaz。, 4 (1908),大约p。 266. T. Folger, “拖曳入Hyperspace”,发现, 1991年(第12卷, no1),页66-67。 M. Gardner, “卡片拖曳”,数学狂欢节第10章,页123-138。 纽约: 葡萄酒Books 1977年。 S. W. Golomb,变更通过切开和拖曳,泰国3 (1961), 293-297 Rev.。 v. i. Levenshtein,相冲突避免代码和循环三倍系统[用俄语], Problemy Peredachi Informatsii, 43 (没有。 3, 2007), 39-53。 L. Lunelli和M。 Lunelli, Tavola di congruenza a^n每a=2,5,10, Atti Sem的== 1 mod K。 席子。 Fis。 大学. 摩德纳10 (1960/61), 219-236 (1961)。 J. H. Silverman,数论,第3编辑友好的介绍。, Pearson教育,公司2006年, p。 146,锻炼。 21.3 M. J. Gardner和C。 A. McMahan, Riffling赌博娱乐场检查,算术。 Mag., 50 (1977), 38-41。 链接T。 D. Noe,表n, a (n)为n = 0..10000 数学,数学世界的部分的链接埃里克Weissteins世界。 数学, Riffle拖曳埃里克Weissteins世界 数学埃里克Weissteins世界,在拖曳 数学埃里克Weissteins世界,拖曳 数学,乘命令埃里克Weissteins世界 槭树与(numtheory) : f := n->顺序(2, 2*n+1); 编程(PARI) a (n) =if (n< 0, 0, znorder (Mod (2, 2*n+1))) /*迈克尔Somos 2005年3月31日* CROSSREFS Cf。 A070667-A070675, A070676, A053447, A070677, A070681, A070678, A053451, A070679, A070682, A070680, A070683。 Cf. A024222, A006694 (割圆的cosets的数字), A014664 (2 mod第n最初命令)。 毗邻序列: A002323 A002324 A002325 this_sequence A002327 A002328 A002329 序列在上下文: A083673 A131388 A131393 this_sequence A064273 A134561 A120947 主题词nonn,容易,好 作者njas 引伸更多期限从大卫W。 威尔逊(davidwwilson (在) comcast.net), 2000年1月13日。 更多期限从Benoit Cloitre (benoit7848c (在) orange.fr), 2003年4月11日

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